Quick Answer: To find bed bugs on your mattress, use a flashlight and inspect all seams, piping, tags, and tufting for live bugs, dark fecal spots, shed skins, or tiny white eggs. Adult bed bugs are about 4 to 5 mm long and reddish-brown. Check both sides of the mattress, plus the box spring and bed frame joints.
In This Guide
- What Bed Bugs Actually Look Like
- Signs of Bed Bugs on Your Mattress
- Tools You Need for a Proper Inspection
- Step-by-Step Mattress Inspection
- Common Hiding Spots Beyond the Mattress
- Bed Bugs vs. Other Common Pests
- Prevention and Mattress Protection
- When to Call a Professional
- When to Replace Your Mattress After Bed Bugs
- FAQs
Reading Time: 12 minutes
Nobody wants to think about bed bugs. But the truth is, they are more common than most people realise, and Brantford is no exception. Whether you have been waking up with unexplained bites, noticed odd spots on your sheets, or simply want peace of mind, knowing how to find bed bugs on your mattress is a skill worth having.
The good news? A thorough inspection takes about 20 minutes, and you do not need any special equipment beyond a flashlight and a careful eye. The sooner you detect these pests, the easier and less expensive treatment becomes.
At Mattress Miracle, we have been helping Brantford families sleep better since 1997. While we are mattress experts rather than pest control specialists, we have seen our share of customers dealing with bed bug situations. We know mattress construction inside and out, which means we know exactly where these pests like to hide.
What Bed Bugs Actually Look Like
Before you start inspecting your mattress, it helps to know exactly what you are looking for. Many people have never actually seen a bed bug, and there are several common look-alikes that cause unnecessary panic.
Adult bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are roughly the size and shape of an apple seed. They measure about 4 to 5 millimetres long, are oval-shaped, and flat when unfed. Their colour ranges from light brown to deep reddish-brown, depending on when they last fed. After a blood meal, they become engorged, darker, and more elongated.
Bed Bug Biology: What Science Tells Us
According to research published in the Annual Review of Entomology, bed bugs have made a significant global resurgence since the late 1990s. Contributing factors include increased international travel, changes in pest control practices, and growing insecticide resistance. A single female bed bug can lay 200 to 500 eggs in her lifetime, which is why early detection is so important. Eggs hatch in approximately 6 to 10 days, and nymphs can reach adulthood in as little as 5 weeks under favourable conditions.
Bed bug nymphs go through five moult stages before reaching adulthood. First-stage nymphs are barely 1.5 mm long, translucent to whitish-yellow in colour, and extremely difficult to spot without magnification. Each stage gets progressively larger and darker.
Bed bug eggs are about 1 mm long, pearly white, and slightly curved. They are often laid in clusters in hidden crevices and are coated with a sticky substance that helps them adhere to fabric and wood surfaces. Under magnification, you can sometimes spot a small dark eyespot on eggs that are close to hatching.
What Bed Bugs Do Not Look Like
Carpet beetle larvae, bat bugs, and spider beetles are commonly mistaken for bed bugs. Carpet beetle larvae are fuzzy with distinct bristles. Bat bugs look very similar to bed bugs but have longer hairs on their thorax (you would need magnification to tell the difference). Spider beetles are rounder and more globular. If you are unsure, collect a sample in a sealed bag and bring it to a pest control professional for identification.
Signs of Bed Bugs on Your Mattress
You do not always see the bugs themselves during an inspection. Often, the evidence they leave behind is what gives them away. Here is what to look for when you are learning how to find bed bugs on your mattress.
The Five Telltale Signs
- Fecal stains: Small dark rusty or black spots, roughly the size of a marker dot. These are digested blood deposits that smear slightly when wiped with a damp cloth. They often appear along mattress seams and piping.
- Blood spots: Small reddish smears on your sheets or pillowcases, caused by accidentally crushing a fed bed bug during the night.
- Shed skins (exuviae): Translucent, empty shells that nymphs leave behind after moulting. You may find these in clusters near hiding spots.
- Eggs and eggshells: Tiny white or pale yellow specks, about 1 mm in length. Look for them in seam folds and crevices.
- Musty odour: A heavy infestation may produce a sweet, musty smell, sometimes compared to overripe raspberries or coriander. This comes from the bugs' scent glands.
One sign on its own may not confirm an infestation. Fecal spots can sometimes be confused with ink marks or mildew. Blood spots might come from a scratch or a nosebleed. But when you find two or more of these signs together, particularly along mattress seams, it is time to take the situation seriously.
Brad, Owner, 40+ years of experience: "Over the years, we have had customers come in worried about bed bugs when it turned out to be carpet beetles, and others who had no idea they had a problem until we showed them what to look for on their old mattress during delivery. The key is knowing what the signs actually look like. A few dark spots along the piping and some shed skins in the seams, that is when you know."
Tools You Need for a Proper Inspection
You do not need professional equipment to conduct a thorough bed bug inspection. Most of what you need is already in your home. However, having the right tools makes the process significantly more effective.
| Tool | Purpose | Where to Find It |
|---|---|---|
| Bright flashlight | Illuminates dark seams, crevices, and the underside of the mattress | Household or phone flashlight |
| Magnifying glass | Helps identify eggs, nymphs, and fecal spots up close | Dollar store or reading magnifier |
| Credit card or old gift card | Run along seams and crevices to dislodge hiding bugs | Your wallet |
| White sheet or paper towels | Place beneath inspection areas to spot dislodged bugs and debris | Kitchen or linen closet |
| Resealable plastic bags | Collect and preserve samples for professional identification | Kitchen drawer |
| Latex or nitrile gloves | Hygienic protection during inspection | Pharmacy or cleaning supplies |
| Sticky tape (clear packing tape) | Press onto suspected areas to pick up tiny eggs or nymphs | Office supplies |
A phone flashlight works in a pinch, but a dedicated flashlight with a focused beam makes it much easier to spot the subtle signs. The credit card trick is particularly useful. Bed bugs wedge themselves into seams so tightly that they are nearly invisible from the surface. Running a card along these seams forces them out of hiding.
Step-by-Step Mattress Inspection: How to Find Bed Bugs
Now for the practical part. Follow these steps methodically, and you will conduct as thorough an inspection as most professionals do during an initial assessment. Set aside about 20 minutes and work slowly. Rushing through this process is how people miss the early signs.
Step 1: Gather Your Inspection Tools
Collect your flashlight, magnifying glass, credit card or old gift card, white sheet or paper towels, resealable plastic bags, and latex or nitrile gloves before beginning your inspection. Having everything within reach means you will not have to leave mid-inspection and risk disturbing any bugs that come out of hiding.
Step 2: Strip the Bed Completely
Remove all bedding including sheets, pillowcases, mattress pad, and duvet. Place everything directly into a plastic bag to prevent any bugs from escaping to other rooms. Inspect each piece of bedding individually before bagging. Look for the same signs: fecal spots, blood smears, shed skins, and live bugs. Pay special attention to the seams and hems of fitted sheets.
Step 3: Inspect the Mattress Surface
Using your flashlight, carefully examine the entire top surface of the mattress. Look for live bugs, dark rusty spots (fecal stains), tiny white eggs, and shed skins. Pay close attention to piping, seams, and any tufting buttons. Bed bugs prefer these textured areas because the stitching provides grip and shelter. Work your way from one corner across the entire surface in a systematic grid pattern.
Step 4: Check Seams, Piping, and Tags
Run your credit card along all mattress seams and piping to dislodge any hiding bugs. Lift and inspect mattress tags and labels, as bed bugs favour these tight spaces. Check both the top and bottom seams. The piping along the edge of the mattress is the single most common hiding spot for bed bugs on any mattress. Do this over your white sheet so you can see anything that falls out.
Step 5: Flip and Inspect the Underside
Turn the mattress over and repeat the surface inspection on the bottom. Check along the bottom seams and any areas where fabric is folded or gathered. Bed bugs often prefer the underside since it is less disturbed. If your mattress is heavy, ask someone to help you flip it safely. With a flippable mattress, you are already accustomed to turning it regularly, which actually makes inspections easier.
Step 6: Examine the Box Spring and Bed Frame
Remove the dust cover from the box spring if present. Inspect the wooden frame, corner brackets, staples, and fabric folds of the box spring. Check the bed frame joints, headboard crevices, and any screw holes. The box spring is actually where the majority of bed bugs tend to concentrate in a typical infestation, according to pest management research. The exposed wood and fabric staple points create ideal harbourage sites.
Step 7: Inspect the Surrounding Area
Check the nightstand, baseboards within a metre of the bed, electrical outlets near the headboard, and any picture frames on adjacent walls. Bed bugs can travel but prefer to stay close to their host. In early infestations, they rarely venture more than 2 to 3 metres from the bed. Look behind outlet covers (turn off the breaker first) and in the joints of wooden furniture.
Step 8: Document and Respond
If you find evidence of bed bugs, take clear photos for a pest control professional. Seal any collected samples in a resealable bag. Contact a licensed exterminator for confirmation and treatment options. Do not attempt to treat the infestation with over-the-counter pesticides, as improper treatment can scatter the bugs to other rooms and make professional treatment more difficult and costly.
Timing Tip: When to Inspect
Bed bugs are most active between 2 a.m. and 5 a.m., which is not exactly convenient for most people. For a daytime inspection, focus on finding evidence (fecal spots, shed skins, eggs) rather than live bugs. If you suspect an infestation and want to spot live bugs, try setting an alarm for 3 a.m. and using a flashlight to check the mattress seams. It is not fun, but it is effective.
Common Hiding Spots Beyond the Mattress
While your mattress is the first place to check, bed bugs are resourceful creatures. They will hide anywhere within a short crawl of their sleeping host. Understanding their preferred hiding spots helps you conduct a truly thorough inspection.
The Bed Frame and Headboard
Bed frame joints, screw holes, and bracket connections are prime real estate for bed bugs. Wooden bed frames offer more hiding spots than metal ones because of natural cracks and grain texture. If you have an upholstered headboard, inspect every seam, button tuft, and the area where the fabric meets the frame. Choosing the right bed frame can actually make inspections easier over time.
Nightstands and Nearby Furniture
Check inside and behind nightstand drawers, along the drawer slides, and underneath the unit. Any furniture within 1.5 metres of the bed is worth inspecting. This includes dressers, chairs, and side tables. Bed bugs do not jump or fly. They crawl, and they prefer short commutes.
Baseboards and Carpet Edges
Where the baseboard meets the wall, there is often a tiny gap. Bed bugs will wedge into this space during the day. If you have carpet, peel back the edge near the bed and check the tack strip area. Hard flooring eliminates this particular hiding spot, which is one small advantage.
Bed Bugs in Brantford: Local Context
Bed bugs are an equal-opportunity pest. They have nothing to do with cleanliness. In cities across Ontario, including Brantford, Hamilton, and Kitchener-Waterloo, bed bug cases tend to rise during summer months when travel increases and during the university school year when students move frequently between residences. Public health units throughout Ontario offer free resources and identification services. The Brant County Health Unit can provide guidance if you suspect an infestation in your home.
Electrical Outlets and Switch Plates
This one surprises people. Bed bugs will crawl behind outlet covers and switch plates, particularly those near the head of the bed. They are attracted to the warmth and the dark, protected space behind the plate. If you remove a cover plate (with the breaker off), you may find bugs, shed skins, or fecal spots along the interior edges.
Luggage and Travel Bags
If you have recently travelled, your luggage is one of the most likely introduction points. Inspect the seams, zippers, pockets, and wheels of your suitcase. This is how most bed bug infestations begin. A single pregnant female hitchhiking home from a hotel can start a full infestation within weeks.
Bed Bugs vs. Other Common Pests: How to Tell the Difference
Panic is the enemy of accurate identification. Before you assume the worst, make sure you are actually dealing with bed bugs and not a harmless look-alike. Here is a comparison of the most commonly confused pests.
| Pest | Size | Shape | Colour | Key Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bed bug (adult) | 4-5 mm | Flat, oval | Reddish-brown | Apple-seed shaped, found in mattress seams |
| Carpet beetle (larva) | 4-5 mm | Elongated | Brown with stripes | Fuzzy with visible bristle hairs |
| Bat bug | 4-5 mm | Flat, oval | Brown | Longer thorax hairs (need magnification) |
| Spider beetle | 2-4 mm | Round, globular | Dark brown | Round body, long legs, looks like a tiny spider |
| Booklouse | 1-2 mm | Elongated | Pale, translucent | Much smaller, found in damp areas |
| Flea | 2-3 mm | Narrow, laterally flat | Dark brown | Jumps when disturbed, very narrow body |
If you find something and are not sure what it is, the clear tape method works well. Press a strip of clear packing tape over the bug or evidence, seal it to a piece of white paper, and bring it to a pest control company or your local public health unit for identification. A proper identification prevents unnecessary treatment costs and unnecessary mattress replacement.
Dorothy, Sleep Specialist: "We get calls from customers who are sure they need to replace their mattress because of bed bugs. Our first question is always: have you confirmed the identification with a professional? About half the time, it turns out to be something else entirely. Getting a proper identification can save you hundreds of dollars and a lot of stress."
Prevention and Mattress Protection
The best approach to bed bugs is preventing them from establishing a foothold in the first place. While no method is 100% foolproof, combining several strategies significantly reduces your risk.
Mattress Encasements
A quality mattress encasement is your single best defence. Unlike a regular mattress protector, a full encasement wraps the entire mattress with a zippered closure. This serves two purposes. First, it traps any existing bugs inside, cutting them off from their food source. Second, it eliminates the seams, piping, and crevices where new bugs would typically hide, making your mattress a far less attractive harbourage site.
Look for encasements that are specifically labelled "bed bug certified" or "bite-proof." The zipper should have a micro-zipper or hook closure that prevents bugs from escaping through the teeth. At Mattress Miracle, we carry mattress protectors that provide this level of protection while remaining comfortable to sleep on.
Research on Mattress Encasements
A study published in the Journal of Economic Entomology found that bed bug-proof mattress encasements significantly reduced bed bug populations when used as part of an integrated pest management programme. The encasements prevented bugs from accessing the mattress interior and made monitoring substantially easier. Researchers noted that encasements should remain in place for at least 12 months, as bed bugs can survive without feeding for extended periods under certain conditions.
Travel Prevention
Travel is the number one way bed bugs enter Canadian homes. Here is a quick prevention routine for any hotel stay:
Hotel Room Inspection Checklist
- Luggage placement: Keep your suitcase on the luggage rack or in the bathtub, never on the bed or carpet.
- Pull back the sheets: Check the mattress seams and piping near the headboard before unpacking.
- Check the headboard: If it is wall-mounted, inspect where it meets the wall. If freestanding, check the back side.
- Nightstand check: Open the drawer and look along the inside edges and behind the unit.
- Coming home: Unpack in the garage or bathroom. Wash all clothing on high heat immediately. Inspect and vacuum your suitcase before storing it.
Regular Inspection Habits
Make mattress inspection part of your sheet-changing routine. Every time you strip the bed, take 60 seconds to shine your phone flashlight along the seams. This simple habit catches infestations in their earliest stages, when they are easiest and least expensive to treat. A monthly deeper inspection, where you check the box spring and bed frame as well, is even better.
Reduce Clutter Near the Bed
Clutter provides additional hiding spots and makes inspections more difficult. Keep the area under and around your bed clear. If you use under-bed storage, use sealed plastic bins rather than cardboard boxes. Bed bugs can hide in the corrugated folds of cardboard, but smooth plastic gives them nothing to grip.
When to Call a Professional Exterminator
There is a clear line between inspecting for bed bugs and treating an infestation. Inspection is something you can and should do yourself. Treatment, however, should almost always be left to licensed professionals.
Signs You Need Professional Help
Call a licensed pest control professional if you find any confirmed live bed bugs, multiple fecal stains in a concentrated area, shed skins in several locations, or if bites continue appearing despite your inspection efforts. Even finding a single live bed bug warrants a professional assessment, because what you see is almost certainly a fraction of what is present.
What Professional Treatment Involves
Licensed exterminators in Ontario typically use one of two approaches. Heat treatment raises the room temperature to approximately 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit) for several hours, which kills bed bugs at all life stages. Chemical treatment uses professional-grade insecticides applied to targeted areas. Many professionals use a combination of both methods for the most effective results.
What to Avoid
Do not use over-the-counter bug bombs or foggers. Research from multiple pest management studies has shown that foggers are largely ineffective against bed bugs and can actually make infestations worse by scattering bugs to new rooms. They also pose health risks from chemical exposure. Do not attempt DIY heat treatment either, as improperly applied heat can create fire hazards and damage your belongings.
Choosing a Pest Control Company
In Ontario, pest control operators must be licensed by the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. Ask for their licence number, request a detailed treatment plan in writing, and enquire about their follow-up inspection schedule. A reputable company will schedule at least one follow-up visit 10 to 14 days after initial treatment to catch any newly hatched nymphs that survived as eggs.
When to Replace Your Mattress After Bed Bugs
This is the question that brings many customers through our doors at Mattress Miracle. The honest answer is: not every bed bug situation requires a new mattress. But sometimes it does, and knowing the difference can save you money or give you the fresh start you need.
When You Can Keep Your Mattress
If the infestation was caught early, professional treatment was successful, and your mattress is in otherwise good condition, you can keep it. Add a bed bug-certified encasement after treatment, and your mattress is perfectly safe to continue using. The encasement provides ongoing protection and makes future inspections straightforward.
When Replacement Makes More Sense
Consider replacing your mattress if the infestation was severe and prolonged, if the mattress is already past its useful life (7 to 10 years for most mattresses), if the mattress has visible damage from the infestation or from treatment, or if the psychological factor is significant. That last point matters. Some people simply cannot sleep comfortably on a mattress that had bed bugs, even after treatment. That is a perfectly valid reason to start fresh.
Starting Fresh in Brantford
If you do need a new mattress after a bed bug situation, Brad at Mattress Miracle can help you find the right option without pressure. Our Restonic ComfortCare Queen, with its 1,222 individually wrapped coils, is our most recommended model for customers looking for quality and value. We also carry mattress protectors that can help prevent future issues from day one. The key is to wait until your pest control professional gives the all-clear before bringing in a new mattress. A new mattress in an untreated room will simply become re-infested.
Disposing of an Infested Mattress
If you do replace your mattress, wrap the old one in plastic before moving it through your home. This prevents any remaining bugs from dropping off and infesting other areas. In Brantford, large item pickup is available through the City. Mark the mattress clearly as "BED BUGS" so that no one picks it up for reuse. This is a neighbourly thing to do, and it helps prevent the spread of infestations through second-hand mattresses.
Protecting Your New Mattress
When your new mattress arrives, install a bed bug-certified encasement immediately, before even putting on sheets. This gives your new mattress maximum protection from day one. At Mattress Miracle, our white glove delivery team takes care when bringing your new mattress into a home that has recently dealt with bed bugs. Brad can walk you through the timing to ensure your new mattress stays clean.
Common Bed Bug Myths Debunked
Misinformation about bed bugs is everywhere, and believing the wrong things can lead to poor decisions. Let us set the record straight on the most persistent myths.
Myth: Bed Bugs Only Live in Dirty Homes
This is completely false. Bed bugs are attracted to carbon dioxide and body heat, not dirt. Five-star hotels deal with bed bugs just like budget motels. A spotless home is just as susceptible as a cluttered one. The only advantage of a tidy home is that it has fewer hiding spots and makes inspections easier.
Myth: You Can Feel Bed Bugs Biting
Bed bugs inject a small amount of anaesthetic when they bite, which is why most people sleep right through it. Bites typically become noticeable hours or even days later when the histamine reaction develops. Some people never react to bed bug bites at all, which means they can have an infestation without any bite symptoms.
Myth: Bed Bugs Spread Disease
While bed bugs are certainly unpleasant, they are not known to transmit diseases to humans. This distinguishes them from ticks, mosquitoes, and other biting insects. The primary health concerns are allergic reactions to bites, secondary infections from scratching, and the psychological stress of an infestation, which should not be underestimated.
Myth: Bed Bugs Can Only Be Seen at Night
Bed bugs are nocturnal feeders, but they are not invisible during the day. They simply retreat to their hiding spots. A thorough daytime inspection focusing on harbourage sites (seams, crevices, screw holes) is perfectly effective. You are looking for evidence as much as you are looking for live bugs.
Myth: Throwing Away Your Mattress Solves the Problem
If bed bugs are in your mattress, they are almost certainly in other locations too: the box spring, bed frame, headboard, baseboards, and nearby furniture. Replacing the mattress without treating the room is like mopping the floor while the tap is still running. Professional treatment of the entire space is essential.
The Psychological Impact of Bed Bugs
Research published in the American Journal of Medicine has documented the psychological effects of bed bug infestations, including insomnia, anxiety, and hypervigilance. A study by Susser et al. (2012) found that people dealing with bed bug infestations reported significantly higher rates of sleep disturbance and anxiety symptoms. Acknowledging this psychological dimension is important. If a bed bug experience is affecting your sleep quality, talk to your healthcare provider, and consider whether a fresh mattress might help you feel safe in your bed again.
Seasonal Inspection Schedule for Ontario Homes
While bed bugs can be active year-round in heated homes, certain times of the year warrant extra vigilance in Ontario.
| Season | Risk Level | Why | Recommended Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spring (April-May) | Moderate | University students moving out, warm weather starts | Inspect after hosting guests or receiving second-hand furniture |
| Summer (June-August) | High | Peak travel season, hotel stays, warm weather accelerates breeding | Inspect after every trip, weekly checks during travel season |
| Fall (September-October) | Moderate-High | Students returning to school, post-summer travel | Deep inspection of all bedrooms, especially children's rooms |
| Winter (November-March) | Lower | Less travel, but heated homes keep bugs active | Monthly inspection with sheet changes, check after holiday guests |
For Brantford families, the summer months are the highest-risk period. Between cottage trips, family vacations, and visitors coming through for events at the Sanderson Centre or the Brantford Civic Centre, there are plenty of opportunities for bed bugs to hitch a ride into your home. A 60-second mattress inspection every time you change your sheets is the simplest habit you can build.
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We are a family-owned mattress store in Brantford, helping our community sleep better since 1997. Come try mattresses in person and get honest, no-pressure advice.
441 1/2 West Street, Brantford, Ontario
Call 519-770-0001Frequently Asked Questions
Can you see bed bugs with the naked eye?
Yes, adult bed bugs are visible to the naked eye. They are roughly the size of an apple seed, about 4 to 5 millimetres long, and reddish-brown in colour. Nymphs are smaller and lighter, making them harder to spot, but still visible on light-coloured bedding if you look carefully.
What do bed bug bites look like compared to mosquito bites?
Bed bug bites typically appear in clusters or lines of three to five red, itchy welts, often called a "breakfast, lunch, and dinner" pattern. Mosquito bites are usually isolated, randomly placed, and develop a raised white bump immediately. Bed bug bites may take hours or days to become visible and tend to appear on skin exposed during sleep.
How often should I inspect my mattress for bed bugs?
We recommend inspecting your mattress every time you change your sheets, roughly every one to two weeks. If you travel frequently, inspect within a day of returning home. Seasonal deep inspections every three months are also a good habit, especially in Brantford where summer travel increases exposure risk.
Can a mattress protector prevent bed bugs?
A quality mattress encasement with a tight zipper can trap existing bed bugs inside and prevent new ones from colonising your mattress. It also makes inspections easier since bugs cannot hide in seams. At Mattress Miracle in Brantford, we carry mattress protectors that serve as an effective barrier against bed bugs.
Should I throw out my mattress if I find bed bugs?
Not necessarily. A professional pest control treatment can often eliminate bed bugs without replacing your mattress. However, if your mattress is heavily infested and nearing the end of its lifespan, replacement may be the more practical choice. If you do need a new mattress after treatment, Brad at Mattress Miracle can help you find a fresh start with a quality mattress and protective encasement.
Sources
- Doggett, S.L., Dwyer, D.E., Penas, P.F., & Russell, R.C. (2012). Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25(1), 164-192. doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05015-11
- Romero, A., Potter, M.F., Potter, D.A., & Haynes, K.F. (2007). Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest's sudden resurgence? Journal of Medical Entomology, 44(2), 175-178. doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/44.2.175
- Wang, C., Saltzmann, K., Chin, E., Bennett, G.W., & Gibb, T. (2010). Characteristics of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), infestation and dispersal in a high-rise apartment building. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103(1), 172-177. doi.org/10.1603/EC09230
- Susser, S.R., Perron, S., Bhatt, D.L., Jacques, L., Bherer, L., & Bhatt, D.L. (2012). Mental health effects from urban bed bug infestation (Cimex lectularius L.): a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 2(5), e000838. doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000838
- Goddard, J. & de Shazo, R. (2009). Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites. JAMA, 301(13), 1358-1366. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.405
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